菌群与免疫-伯格医生视频

StarCare

视频：




我想讨论一下你的友好细菌——也就是你的肠道细菌（我们称之为微生物群）——和你的免疫系统之间的关系。
事实上，你免疫系统的70% ​​就是​​ 这个微生物群。你体内就有细菌。
你体内和体表生活着数以万亿计的微生物，它们不断地与你进行交换。
你为它们提供了居住场所。
而它们给你的回报是​​免疫保护​​。
它们为你提供营养。它们帮助调节你的血糖，还给予你其他有益的东西。
在你体内和体表有超过10,000种不同的友好细菌。
其中99%是非致病性的。
它们是“好家伙”。你体内绝大多数微生物生活在大肠中，就在粘液层的上方和内部。
接着是你的结肠细胞。
然后还有另一层保护。
我们有一些特定的免疫细胞，或者说“守卫”，在那里等待着入侵者冒头，以便攻击并吞噬它们。

​​当微生物群失衡时会发生什么？​​
当微生物群失衡时，你开始失去肠道淋巴层。
你的淋巴细胞开始减少。
你产生的抗体变少。
抗体是那些附着在微生物上的东西。
它们不直接杀死微生物，而是给微生物打上标签，让其他免疫细胞来消灭它们。
抗体对不同的病原体具有高度特异性。同时，你的T细胞产量也会下降。
“T”代表胸腺（Thymus），因为胸腺负责训练T细胞，而你将失去这方面的功能。

胸腺的主要功能是建立​​中枢耐受​​——能够耐受对你有益的自身细胞。
因为如果没有这个功能，这些T细胞（它们就像特种部队）就无法区分“好家伙”和“坏家伙”。
它们最终会把两者都消灭掉，结果就是你自身的身体细胞受到攻击。
这种情况被称为​​自身免疫性疾病​​——自身抗体（或者说是基本上在攻击自身组织的抗体）。但它们并非真正在攻击；它们是将你的自身组织标记为“坏家伙”，然后其他免疫细胞，比如T细胞，就会进入该区域并试图攻击它们，这就引发了炎症。
当你患有自身免疫性疾病时，你总是伴随着炎症。
这就是正在发生的事情——你遭受着这种持续的攻击。

​​微生物群失衡如何导致自身免疫？​​
因为微生物群与免疫系统的联系是如此紧密，当你失去微生物群的平衡时，你就失去了这种耐受性，也失去了学习和区分的能力。
现在我们面临的情况是：体内发生了大量的“友军误伤”（friendly fire），造成了大量的附带损伤和严重的炎症。

​​T细胞的关键角色​​
T细胞不仅能区分你的细胞和病原体细胞——你的身体拥有这种能力来区分数万亿的细胞与病原体，这相当神奇。但这些微生物群与你的身体关系如此密切，对你的帮助如此之大，以至于你的身体已经发展出一套系统来维持它们的生存，不去攻击和杀死它们。
而且，还有一些特定的T细胞负责抑制炎症。
所以，如果我们失去了这些（T细胞功能），我们会得到什么？很多炎症性疾病！

​​微生物群不足的连锁反应​​
如果我们的微生物群数量不足，我们产生的​​短链脂肪酸​​就会减少，其中一种叫做​​丁酸盐​​（butyrate）。
丁酸盐不仅有助于平衡血糖、改善胰岛素抵抗，它还能帮助改善你的免疫系统。
此外，你制造维生素B12、维生素B1、维生素K、生物素甚至乳酸的能力也会下降，而乳酸会让病原体所处的环境变得非常不适。
还有，微生物群会争夺食物和空间，从而限制致病细菌的生存。
你拥有的微生物群越少，肠道屏障就越脆弱。
然后你就会开始出现​​肠漏症​​（leaky gut）。

​​自身免疫性疾病与肠道的联系​​
我真心认为——这是我个人的观点——​​自身免疫性疾病始于肠道​​。
如果你和任何患有自身免疫性疾病的人交谈过——我指的是像桥本氏甲状腺炎（Hashimoto's）、克罗恩病（Crohn's）、狼疮（lupus）、多发性硬化症（MS）——他们几乎总会有肠道问题。

​​一个有趣的关联：COVID-19与肠道​​
在我另一个关于COVID-19（新冠病毒）的视频中，提到该病毒攻击你细胞的途径是通过一种叫做ACE2受体的受体。
巧的是，你的肠道拥有的ACE2受体数量远多于肺组织。
所以，这提供了另一种进入细胞的途径，超越了仅仅是肺部感染，这相当有趣。

如果你想知道如何支持微生物群，请看这里。




I want to discuss the relationship between your friendly bacteria, your gut bacteria, we're going to call that microbiome, and your immune system.
In fact, 70% of your immune system really is this microbiome. You got bacteria.
You have trillions and trillions of microbes living in and around your body that are constantly exchanging with you.
You're giving them a place to live.
And what they give you is immune protection.
They give you nutrients. They help your blood sugars, and they give you other things that are beneficial.
There's over 10,000 different species of friendly bacteria in and around your body.
And 99% of them are non-pathogenic.
They're the good guys. The great majority of microbes in your body are living in the large colon just above and in the mucus layer.
And then you have the colon cells.
And then you have another layer of protection.
We have certain immune cells, or guards, waiting for an invader to pop through so they can attack and eat them up.

What happens is, when you have an imbalance in the microbiome, you start to lose your gut lymphatic layer.
You start to have a decrease in your lymphocytes.
You start to have less antibodies.
And antibodies are those things that attach to microbes.
They don't kill the microbes. They put a tag on them for other immune cells to kill them.
Antibodies are very specific to different pathogens, and then you also have a decrease in the T cell production.
And "T" stands for Thymus, because the Thymus gland helps train the T cells, and you're going to have less of that.

The primary function of the thymus gland is central tolerance, able to tolerate your own cells that are beneficial to you.
Because if you did not have that function, these T cells, they're like special forces, would not be able to tell the difference between the good guys and the bad guys.
And they would end up killing both of them, and you'd end up with your own body cells getting attacked.
That is a condition called autoimmune disease—autoantibodies, or antibodies that are basically attacking your own tissue. But they're not really attacking; they're tagging your own tissue as being a bad guy, and other immune cells, like T cells, are going in there and actually trying to attack them, and that creates inflammation.
And when you have autoimmune conditions, you always have inflammation.
That's really what's happening. You're getting this constant attack.

And because the microbiome is so heavily connected to immune system, when you lose this, you lose this tolerance, and you lose the ability to learn to differentiate.
Now we have a situation where we have a lot of friendly fire, and we have a lot of collateral damage in the body and a lot of inflammation.

T cells not only differentiate between your cells and a pathogen cell—it's quite amazing that your body has this ability to differentiate trillions of cells from pathogens. But they're so intimately involved and such a helper to your body that your body has developed a system to keep them alive and not attack and kill them.
And also, there are certain T cells that suppress inflammation.
So if we lose that, what do we get? A lot of inflammatory conditions.

If we also don't have enough microbiome, we get less short-chain fatty acids, and one would be called butyrate.
And butyrate is not only helpful in balancing blood sugars and improving insulin resistance, but it's also there to help improve your immune system.
Also, you have less ability to make vitamin B12, vitamin B1, vitamin K, biotin, and even lactic acid, which makes the environment for pathogens very uncomfortable.
Also, the microbiome are hoarding the food and the space to also limit the amount of pathogenic bacteria to exist.
And the less microbiome you have, the weaker the intestinal barrier.
And then you start getting leaky gut.

I really think—and this is my own opinion—that autoimmune disease starts in the gut.
If you ever talk to someone who has an autoimmune disease—I'm talking about like Hashimoto's, Crohn's, lupus, MS—they almost always have a gut problem.

In my other video about COVID-19, the coronavirus, the way that virus attacks your cell is through a receptor called the ACE2 receptor.
Well, just so happens that your gut has way more ACE2 receptors than lung tissue.
So this is another mode of entry into the cell that goes beyond just your lung infection, which is quite interesting.

If you want to know what to do to support the microbiome, check out this video right here.